Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, also known as GSK3B, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3B gene.

What does GSK3B stand for?

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, also known as GSK3B, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3B gene.

What does GSK3beta do?

Since GSK3β has diverse substrates ranging from metabolic/signaling proteins and structural proteins to transcription factors, it is involved in many developmental events in the immature brain, such as neurogenesis, neuronal migration, differentiation and survival.

How is Akt activated?

Akt activation is governed by a dual regulatory mechanism in which it is first recruited to the cellular plasma membrane by PIP3 through a direct interaction with the PH domain of Akt.

How is GSK-3 regulated?

2.3. Subcellular localization. GSK3 has traditionally been considered to be largely a cytosolic protein. However, GSK3 is also present within the mitochondria and nucleus, as well as other subcellular compartments, where its levels and/or activation state can be regulated by localized signaling activities.

How is GSK-3 inhibited?

It is active in resting cells and is inhibited by several hormones such as insulin, endothelial growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor. Insulin inactivates it by phosphorylation of the specific serine residues Ser21 and Ser9 in GSK-3 isoforms α and β, respectively.

What is mTOR and AMPK?

mTOR and AMPK are considered master regulators of cell metabolism. Their activation is directly linked to the regulation of cellular metabolism (mitochondria homeostasis and central carbon metabolism), growth (protein synthesis) and survival (autophagy and cell death pathways).

Is PKB the same as Akt?

Protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is the collective name of a set of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that play key roles in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription, and cell migration.

Does PKA phosphorylate glycogen synthase?

Glycogen synthase is directly regulated by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), AMPK, protein kinase A (PKA), and casein kinase 2 (CK2). Each of these protein kinases lead to phosphorylated and catalytically inactive glycogen synthase.