Abstract. Total organic halogen (TOX) is a surrogate bulk organic parameter indicating a variety of fluoridated, chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated organic compounds either formed in water/wastewater disinfection processes or present in the environment derived from natural products and anthropogenic activities.

What are total organic halides?

Abstract. Total organic halogen (TOX) is a surrogate bulk organic parameter indicating a variety of fluoridated, chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated organic compounds either formed in water/wastewater disinfection processes or present in the environment derived from natural products and anthropogenic activities.

What do you mean by organic halides?

Organic halides are organic compounds containing a halogen atom bonded to a carbon (C) atom. Fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I) are all types of halogen atoms. A compound that contains an carbon atom bonded to a fluorine atom (C–F) is called an organofluoride.

How will you classify organic halides?

Organic halogen compounds may be classified as primary (1� ), secondary (2� ), tertiary (3� ) or aryl halide depending on whether the carbon atom bearing the halogen is attached to 1 other carbon group, 2 other carbon groups, 3 other carbon groups or an aromatic ring respectively.

What is AOX in wastewater?

Adsorbable Organic Halides (AOX) is a measure of the organic halogen load at a sampling site such as soil from a land fill, water, or sewage waste. The procedure measures chlorine, bromine, and iodine as equivalent halogens, but does not measure fluorine levels in the sample.

What is total halogen?

Total halogens means the total of organic and inorganic halides (fluorine, F; chlorine, Cl; bromine, Br; iodine, I), expressed as chloride present in a used oil, in parts per million (ppm) by weight.

What are extractable organic halides?

Extractable organic halogens (EOX) represent the total content of halogens (Cl, Br, I) in organochlorine compounds which can be extracted by organic solvents (e.g. n-hexane, pentane, heptane) from environmental solids (sediments, organisms) or water samples (Kannan et al., 1992, Laniewski, 1998, Kannan et al., 1999.

What are alkyl halides Class 12?

Alkyl and Aryl Halides of Class 12 Alkyl halides are the derivatives of alkanes which can be obtained by replacing one hydrogen atom by halogen atom. The general formula of monohalogen derivative of alkanes is CnH2n+1X (where X is any halogen atom).

What are alkyl halides explain?

Alkyl halides also called haloalkanes or halogenoalkanes are chemical compounds that are often derived from alkanes that contain one or more halogens. We can also say that alkyl halides are a subset of the general class of halocarbons.

How do you name halogens?

You name them as alkanes with the general prefix halo-. The prefix names for the halogens are fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-. The general prefix is halo-. Here’s how it works.

Where are halides found?

Halides are anion forms of halogen atoms, which are located in Group 7 of the periodic table. Common halides found in natural water sources include fluoride, chloride, and bromide. Halides exist in natural water sources, such as rivers, lakes, and streams, due to their high solubility in water.

What are halides on the periodic table?

A halide is any ion that is originally a halogen. Halogens are group 7 or 17 on the periodic table. They are very reactive elements, and will oxidize anything just to get that extra electron, in the case of fluorine. Halides are anions of halogens.

What are halides Class 11?

Halides are binary compounds that are of which one part is an element another part is the halogen atom. A radical is less electronegative compared to that of halogens which form astatine, bromide, fluoride and chloride. Most of the salts are halides.

What is halide organic chemistry?

Halide, Organic. Organic halides are organic compounds containing a halogen atom bonded to a carbon (C) atom. Fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I) are all types of halogen atoms. A compound that contains an carbon atom bonded to a fluorine atom (C–F) is called an organofluoride.

What is the difference between halide compounds and radical compounds?

Halides are binary compounds that are of which one part is an element another part is the halogen atom. A radical is less electronegative compared to that of halogens which form astatine, bromide, fluoride and chloride. Most of the salts are halides. Various halide compounds are tested using silver nitrate solution.

Can organic halides be coupled with nickel?

The coupling of organic halides in the presence of nickel has been widely investigated.

How can organic halides be reduced?

Organic halides are reduced by reaction with a metal in the presence or absence of a proton donor. Julia M. Dickinson, in Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations, 1995