Seizures were detected in 70% of patients with PLEDs, 43% of patients with BIPLEDs, and 29.4% of patients with GPEDs. In patients with PLEDs and seizures or BIPLEDs and seizures, the most common etiology was stroke, occurring in 30.5% and 13.0% of patients, respectively.

Are GPEDs seizures?

Seizures were detected in 70% of patients with PLEDs, 43% of patients with BIPLEDs, and 29.4% of patients with GPEDs. In patients with PLEDs and seizures or BIPLEDs and seizures, the most common etiology was stroke, occurring in 30.5% and 13.0% of patients, respectively.

What is the meaning of epileptiform?

Epileptiform refers to spike waves, sharp waves, spike and wave activity, or other rhythmic waveforms that imply epilepsy or may be associated with epilepsy.

What is GPD on EEG?

Generalized periodic discharges (GPDs) are commonly encountered in metabolic encephalopathy and cerebral hypoxia/ischemia. The clinical significance of this EEG pattern is indistinct, and it is unclear whether treatment with antiepileptic drugs is beneficial.

What causes PLEDs?

PLEDS are caused by acute destructive focal lesions and are a transitory phenomenon: they tend to disappear in weeks, even if the causal lesion persists. Over time, the record takes on a less specific focal slow appearance, which is more likely to persist.

What are Electrographic seizures?

Electrographic seizures are seizures that are evident on EEG monitoring. They are common in critically ill children and neonates with acute encephalopathy. Most electrographic seizures have no associated clinical changes, and continuous EEG monitoring is necessary for identification.

What type of seizure is status epilepticus?

A seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, or having more than 1 seizure within a 5 minutes period, without returning to a normal level of consciousness between episodes is called status epilepticus. This is a medical emergency that may lead to permanent brain damage or death.

Should epileptiform discharges be treated?

Although there is no solid evidence for or against treatment of EDs, a non-evidence-based practical approach is suggested. EDs in otherwise asymptomatic individuals should not be treated because the risks of treatment probably outweigh its dubious benefits.

Do you treat generalized periodic discharges?

Generalized periodic discharges that are associated with nonconvulsive status epilepticus are treated with antiseizure drugs, while others are not necessarily aggressively treated. Prognosis for most patients with GPDs is guarded, although this is also dependent on the underlying etiology.

Are PLEDs epileptic?

The seizures that occur in patients with PLEDs consist of partial (focal) sensorimotor seizures, as well as gen- eralized seizures and complex partial status epilepticus and epilepsia partialis continua (EPC)1, 3, 6, 12.

What do PLEDs mean?

PLEDs is an acronym which stands for periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges. What it means when translated is that the brain is experiencing abnormal electrical activity on one side. This electrical activity is picked up on the electroencephalogram (EEG), a standard diagnostic study to assess brain function.

What does subclinical seizure mean?

A seizure is unusual electrical activity in the brain. These impulses often cause many symptoms, such as jerking of the body or losing consciousness. When the symptoms of the seizure are not noticeable it is known as a subclinical seizure.

What do GPEDs on EEG mean?

When GPEDs are seen in EEG, the patient should carefully be checked for metabolic abnormalities and/or infectious diseases and intracranial lesions. GPEDs may be helpful in the determination of prognosis, showing the poor prognosis especially in cases when suppression-burst pattern is seen.

Are periodic epileptiform discharges (GPEDs) in cardiac arrest a malignant EEG pattern?

Introduction: Generalized periodic epileptiform discharges (GPEDs) are recognized as a “malignant” EEG pattern associated with very poor outcome with previous studies reporting no or few survivors. We looked at our database of cardiac arrest patients who subsequently developed GPEDs to determine clinical outcome and profile any survivors.

What are generalised periodic patterns in EEG?

PATIENTS AND METHODS. GPEDs were defined as the occurrence of periodic complexes occupying at least 50% of a standard 20 minutes EEG, over both hemispheres in a symmetric, diffuse and synchronised manner 2., 5.. Then we classified these generalised periodic patterns according to the interval duration between the discharges.

What are Generalized periodic epileptiform discharges (GPDs)?

Generalized periodic epileptiform discharges (GPDs) are a specific periodic EEG pattern, reported as having a poor clinical outcome. The incidence and clinical implications of this EEG pattern in children are not known.